Realm realm = //instantiate or acquire a Realm instance. We'll discuss Realms later.
SecurityManager securityManager = new DefaultSecurityManager(realm);
//Make the SecurityManager instance available to the entire application via static memory:
SecurityUtils.setSecurityManager(securityManager);
Simple. Java. Security.
Apache Shiro Configuration
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Handy Hint
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Shiro v1 version notice
As of February 28, 2024, Shiro v1 was superseded by v2.
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Table of Contents
Shiro is designed to work in any environment, from simple command-line applications to the largest enterprise clustered applications. Because of this diversity of environments, there are a number of configuration mechanisms that are suitable for configuration. This section covers the configuration mechanisms that are supported by Shiro core only.
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Many Configuration Options
Shiro’s |
Programmatic Configuration
The absolute simplest way to create a SecurityManager and make it available to the application is to create an org.apache.shiro.mgt.DefaultSecurityManager and wire it up in code. For example:
Surprisingly, after only 3 lines of code, you now have a fully functional Shiro environment suitable for many applications. How easy was that!?
SecurityManager Object Graph
As discussed in the Architecture chapter, Shiro’s SecurityManager implementations are essentially a modular object graph of nested security-specific components. Because they are also JavaBeans-compatible, you can call any of the nested components getter and setter methods to configure the SecurityManager and its internal object graph.
For example, if you wanted to configure the SecurityManager instance to use a custom SessionDAO to customize Session Management, you could set the SessionDAO directly with the nested SessionManager’s setSessionDAO method:
...
DefaultSecurityManager securityManager = new DefaultSecurityManager(realm);
SessionDAO sessionDAO = new CustomSessionDAO();
((DefaultSessionManager)securityManager.getSessionManager()).setSessionDAO(sessionDAO);
...Using direct method invocations, you can configure any part of the `SecurityManager’s object graph.
But, as simple as programmatic customization is, it does not represent the ideal configuration for most real world applications. There are a few reasons why programmatic configuration may not be suitable for your application:
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It requires you to know about and instantiate a direct implementation. It would be nicer if you didn’t have to know about concrete implementations and where to find them.
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Because of Java’s type-safe nature, you’re required to cast objects obtained via
get*methods to their specific implementation. So much casting is ugly, verbose, and tightly-couples you to implementation classes. -
The
SecurityUtils.setSecurityManagermethod call makes the instantiatedSecurityManagerinstance a VM static singleton, which, while fine for many applications, would cause problems if more than one Shiro-enabled application was running on the same JVM. It could be better if the instance was an application singleton, but not a static memory reference. -
It requires you to recompile your application every time you want to make a Shiro configuration change.
However, even with these caveats, the direct programmatic manipulation approach could still be valuable in memory-constrained environments, like smart-phone applications. If your application does not run in a memory-constrained environment, you’ll find text-based configuration to be easier to use and read.
INI Configuration
Most applications instead benefit from text-based configuration that could be modified independently of source code and even make things easier to understand for those not intimately familiar with Shiro’s APIs.
To ensure a common-denominator text-based configuration mechanism that can work in all environments with minimal 3rd party dependencies, Shiro supports the INI format to build the SecurityManager object graph and its supporting components. INI is easy to read, easy to configure, and is simple to set up and suits most applications well.
Creating a SecurityManager from INI
Here are two examples of how to build a SecurityManager based on INI configuration.
SecurityManager from an INI resource
We can create the SecurityManager instance from an INI resource path. Resources can be acquired from the file system, classpath, or URLs when prefixed with file:, classpath:, or url: respectively. This example uses a Factory to ingest a shiro.ini file from the root of the classpath and return the SecurityManager instance:
import org.apache.shiro.SecurityUtils;
import org.apache.shiro.util.Factory;
import org.apache.shiro.mgt.SecurityManager;
import org.apache.shiro.config.IniSecurityManagerFactory;
...
Factory<SecurityManager> factory = new IniSecurityManagerFactory("classpath:shiro.ini");
SecurityManager securityManager = factory.getInstance();
SecurityUtils.setSecurityManager(securityManager);SecurityManager from an INI instance
The INI configuration can be constructed programmatically as well if desired via the org.apache.shiro.config.Ini class. The Ini class functions similarly to the JDK java.util.Properties class, but additionally supports segmentation by section name.
For example:
import org.apache.shiro.SecurityUtils;
import org.apache.shiro.util.Factory;
import org.apache.shiro.mgt.SecurityManager;
import org.apache.shiro.config.Ini;
import org.apache.shiro.config.IniSecurityManagerFactory;
...
Ini ini = new Ini();
//populate the Ini instance as necessary
...
Factory<SecurityManager> factory = new IniSecurityManagerFactory(ini);
SecurityManager securityManager = factory.getInstance();
SecurityUtils.setSecurityManager(securityManager);Now that we know how to construct a SecurityManager from INI configuration, let’s take a look at exactly how to define a Shiro INI configuration.
INI Sections
INI is basically a text configuration consisting of key/value pairs organized by uniquely-named sections. Keys are unique per section only, not over the entire configuration (unlike the JDK Properties). Each section may be viewed like a single Properties definition, however.
Commented lines can start with either with an Octothorpe (# - aka the 'hash', 'pound' or 'number' sign) or a Semi-colon (';')
Here is an example of the sections understood by Shiro:
# =======================
# Shiro INI configuration
# =======================
[main]
# Objects and their properties are defined here,
# Such as the securityManager, Realms and anything
# else needed to build the SecurityManager
[users]
# The 'users' section is for simple deployments
# when you only need a small number of statically-defined
# set of User accounts.
[roles]
# The 'roles' section is for simple deployments
# when you only need a small number of statically-defined
# roles.
[urls]
# The 'urls' section is used for url-based security
# in web applications. We'll discuss this section in the
# Web documentation[Main]
The [main] section is where you configure the application’s SecurityManager instance and any of its dependencies, such as Realms.
Configuring object instances like the SecurityManager or any of its dependencies sounds like a difficult thing to do with INI, where we can only use name/value pairs. But through a little bit of convention and understanding of object graphs, you’ll find that you can do quite a lot. Shiro uses these assumptions to enable a simple yet fairly concise configuration mechanism.
We often like to refer to this approach as "poor man’s" Dependency Injection, and although not as powerful as full-blown Spring/Guice/JBoss XML files, you’ll find it gets quite a lot done without much complexity. Of course those other configuration mechanism are available as well, but they’re not required to use Shiro.
Just to whet your appetite, here is an example of a valid [main] configuration. We’ll cover it in detail below, but you might find that you understand quite a bit of what is going on already by intuition alone:
[main]
sha256Matcher = org.apache.shiro.authc.credential.Sha256CredentialsMatcher
myRealm = com.company.security.shiro.DatabaseRealm
myRealm.connectionTimeout = 30000
myRealm.username = jsmith
myRealm.password = secret
myRealm.credentialsMatcher = $sha256Matcher
securityManager.sessionManager.globalSessionTimeout = 1800000Defining an object
Consider the following [main] section snippet:
[main]
myRealm = com.company.shiro.realm.MyRealm
...This line instantiates a new object instance of type com.company.shiro.realm.MyRealm and makes that object available under the myRealm name for further reference and configuration.
If the object instantiated implements the org.apache.shiro.util.Nameable interface, then the Nameable.setName method will be invoked on the object with the name value ( myRealm in this example).
Setting object properties
Primitive Values
Simple primitive properties can be assigned just by using the equals sign:
...
myRealm.connectionTimeout = 30000
myRealm.username = jsmith
...these lines of configuration translate into method calls:
...
myRealm.setConnectionTimeout(30000);
myRealm.setUsername("jsmith");
...How is this possible? It assumes that all objects are Java Beans-compatible POJOs.
Under the covers, Shiro by default uses Apache Commons BeanUtils to do all the heavy lifting when setting these properties. So although INI values are text, BeanUtils knows how to convert the string values to the proper primitive types and then invoke the corresponding JavaBeans setter method.
======= Reference Values
What if the value you need to set is not a primitive, but another object? Well, you can use a dollar sign ($) to reference a previously-defined instance. For example:
...
sha256Matcher = org.apache.shiro.authc.credential.Sha256CredentialsMatcher
...
myRealm.credentialsMatcher = $sha256Matcher
...This simply locates the object defined by the name sha256Matcher and then uses BeanUtils to set that object on the myRealm instance (by calling the myRealm.setCredentialsMatcher(sha256Matcher) method).
Nested Properties
Using dotted notation on the left side of the INI line’s equals sign, you can traverse an object graph to get to the final object/property that you want set. For example, this config line:
...
securityManager.sessionManager.globalSessionTimeout = 1800000
...Translates (by BeanUtils) into the following logic:
securityManager.getSessionManager().setGlobalSessionTimeout(1800000);The graph traversal can be as deep as necessary: object.property1.property2….propertyN.value = blah
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BeanUtils Property Support
Any property assignment operation supported by the BeanUtils. setProperty method will work in Shiro’s [main] section, including set/list/map element assignments. See the Apache Commons BeanUtils Website and documentation for more information. |
Byte Array Values
Because raw byte arrays can’t be specified natively in a text format, we must use a text encoding of the byte array. The values can be specified either as a Base64 encoded string (the default) or as a Hex encoded string. The default is Base64 because Base64 encoding requires less actual text to represent values - it has a larger encoding alphabet, meaning your tokens are shorter (a bit nicer for text config).
# The 'cipherKey' attribute is a byte array. By default, text values
# for all byte array properties are expected to be Base64 encoded:
securityManager.rememberMeManager.cipherKey = kPH+bIxk5D2deZiIxcaaaA==
...However, if you prefer to use Hex encoding instead, you must prefix the String token with 0x ('zero' 'x'):
securityManager.rememberMeManager.cipherKey = 0x3707344A4093822299F31D008Collection Properties
Lists, Sets and Maps can be set like any other property - either directly or as a nested property. For sets and lists, just specify a comma-delimited set of values or object references.
For example, some SessionListeners:
sessionListener1 = com.company.my.SessionListenerImplementation
...
sessionListener2 = com.company.my.other.SessionListenerImplementation
...
securityManager.sessionManager.sessionListeners = $sessionListener1, $sessionListener2For Maps, you specify a comma-delimited list of key-value pairs, where each key-value pair is delimited by a colon ':'
object1 = com.company.some.Class
object2 = com.company.another.Class
...
anObject = some.class.with.a.Map.property
anObject.mapProperty = key1:$object1, key2:$object2In the above example, the object referenced by $object1 will be in the map under the String key key1, i.e. map.get("key1") returns object1. You can also use other objects as the keys:
anObject.map = $objectKey1:$objectValue1, $objectKey2:$objectValue2
...Variable Interpolation
You can use variable interpolation when defining values. Supported types are environment variables, system properties and constants.
For constants, use ${const:com.example.YourClass.CONSTANT_NAME}, for environment variables and system properties, use ${ENV_VARIABLE_NAME} or ${system.property}.
System properties and environment variables are lookup up in that order.
Default values are supported in the form ${const:com.example.YourClass.CONSTANT_NAME:-default_value}, or ${VARIABLE_NAME:-default_value}, as in:
Which will be interpreted as myRealm.connectionTimeout = 3000 if no system property or environment variable REALM_CONNECTION_TIMEOUT is defined.
If no replacement is found, the definition will remain unchanged.
Considerations
Order Matters
The INI format and conventions above are very convenient and easy to understand, but it is not as powerful as other text/XML-based configuration mechanisms. The most important thing to understand when using the above mechanism is that Order Matters!
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Be Careful
Each object instantiation and each value assignment is executed in the order they occur in the [main] section. These lines ultimately translate to a JavaBeans getter/setter method invocation, and so those methods are invoked in the same order! Keep this in mind when writing your configuration. |
Overriding Instances
Any object can be overridden by a new instance defined later in the configuration. So for example, the 2nd myRealm definition would overwrite the first:
...
myRealm = com.company.security.MyRealm
...
myRealm = com.company.security.DatabaseRealm
...This would result in myRealm being a com.company.security.DatabaseRealm instance and the previous instance will never be used (and garbage collected).
Default SecurityManager
You may have noticed in the complete example above that the SecurityManager instance’s class isn’t defined, and we jumped right in to just setting a nested property:
myRealm = ...
securityManager.sessionManager.globalSessionTimeout = 1800000
...This is because the securityManager instance is a special one - it is already instantiated for you and ready to go, so you don’t need to know the specific SecurityManager implementation class to instantiate.
Of course, if you actually want to specify your own implementation, you can, just define your implementation as specified in the "Overriding Instances" section above:
...
securityManager = com.company.security.shiro.MyCustomSecurityManager
...Of course, this is rarely needed - Shiro’s SecurityManager implementations are very customizable and can typically be configured with anything necessary. You might want to ask yourself (or the user list) if you really need to do this.
[users]
The [users] section allows you to define a static set of user accounts. This is mostly useful in environments with a very small number of user accounts or where user accounts don’t need to be created dynamically at runtime. Here’s an example:
[users]
admin = secret
lonestarr = vespa, goodguy, schwartz
darkhelmet = ludicrousspeed, badguy, schwartz|
Automatic IniRealm
Just defining non-empty [users] or [roles] sections will automatically trigger the creation of an |
Line Format
Each line in the [users] section must conform to the following format:
username = password, roleName1, roleName2, …, roleNameN
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The value on the left of the equals sign is the username
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The first value on the right of the equals sign is the user’s password. A password is required.
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Any comma-delimited values after the password are the names of roles assigned to that user. Role names are optional.
Encrypting Passwords
Since Shiro 2.0, the [users] section cannot contain plain-text passwords.
You can encrypt them using key derivation functions.
Shiro provides implementations for bcrypt and argon2.
If unsure, use argon2 derived passwords.
The algorithms from Shiro 1 (e.g. md5, SHA1, SHA256, etc.) are long deemed insecure and not supported anymore. There is neither a direct migration path nor backward compatibility.
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Easy Secure Passwords
To save time and use best-practices, you might want to use Shiro’s Command Line Hasher, which will apply one of the secure KDFs to a given password as well as any other type of resources.
It is especially convenient for encrypting INI |
Once you’ve specified the derived text password values, you have to tell Shiro that these are encrypted.
You do that by configuring the implicitly created iniRealm in the [main] section to use an appropriate CredentialsMatcher implementation corresponding to the hash algorithm you’ve specified:
[main]
# Shiro2CryptFormat
[users]
# user1 = sha256-hashed-hex-encoded password, role1, role2, ...
user1 = "$shiro2$argon2id$v=19$t=1,m=65536,p=4$H5z81Jpr4ntZr3MVtbOUBw$fJDgZCLZjMC6A2HhnSpxULMmvVdW3su+/GCU3YbxfFQ", role1, role2, ...[roles]
The [roles] section allows you to associate Permissions with the roles defined in the [users] section. Again, this is useful in environments with a small number of roles or where roles don’t need to be created dynamically at runtime. Here’s an example:
[roles]
# 'admin' role has all permissions, indicated by the wildcard '*'
admin = *
# The 'schwartz' role can do anything (*) with any lightsaber:
schwartz = lightsaber:*
# The 'goodguy' role is allowed to 'drive' (action) the winnebago (type) with
# license plate 'eagle5' (instance specific id)
goodguy = winnebago:drive:eagle5Line Format
Each line in the [roles] section must define a role-to-permission(s) key/value mapping with in the following format:
rolename = permissionDefinition1, permissionDefinition2, …, permissionDefinitionN
where permissionDefinition is an arbitrary String, but most people will want to use strings that conform
to the org.apache.shiro.authz.permission.WildcardPermission format for ease of use and flexibility. See the Permissions documentation for more information on Permissions and how you can benefit from them.
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Internal commas
Note that if an individual permissionDefinition needs to be internally comma-delimited (e.g. |
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Roles without Permissions
If you have roles that don’t require permission associations, you don’t need to list them in the [roles] section if you don’t want to. Just defining the role names in the [users] section is enough to create the role if it does not exist yet. |
[urls]
This section and its options are described in the Web chapter.